Founded in 1995, The Foundation of the American Society of Neuroradiology (Foundation) is the philanthropic arm of the American Society of Neuroradiology, a 501 (c) 6 professional society for Neuroradiologists.

The mission of the Foundation is to promote research, education, and innovation in neuroradiology that will advance clinical practice and improve patient outcomes.

2023 Grant Recipients

Foundation Grants

View past grant/award recipients

Recipients

Impact Statements

2023 Women in Neuroradiology Leadership Award

Thank you again for the Women in Neuroradiology Leadership Award and the opportunity to attend the RLI Summit in Boston.

Nikdokht (Niky) Farid, MD

2022 Foundation of the ASNR Grant Program Recipient

Intraprocedural measurement of stroke reperfusion volume and outcome prediction using digital subtraction angiography

Henrik Ullman, MD, PhD

2022 Foundation of the ASNR Grant Program Recipient

Ex Vivo 170 microns Ultra-High Spatial Resolution 7T MRI Characterization of Multiple Sclerosis Paramagnetic Rim Lesions with Histologic Correlation

Emmanuel Obusez, MD

2022 Foundation of the ASNR Grant Program Recipient

Prospective Evaluation of Automated Pre- and Postoperative Tumor Segmentation for Patients with Glioblastoma

Evan Calabrese, MD, PhD

2022 Boerger Research Fund for Alzheimer’s Disease and Neurocognitive Disorders

Use of AI for intermodality conversion of brain MR to PET for diagnosis of AD, MCI, and aging normals

Vivek Prabhakaran, MD, PhD

Top Donors

Diamond ($10,000 +)

  • Dr. David M. YousemJanuary 09, 2024
  • Dr. Robert M. BarrJuly 12, 2023

Platinum ($5,000 +)

  • Dr. Lex A. MitchellNovember 16, 2023
  • Dr. Tina Young PoussaintFebruary 15, 2024
  • Dr. William D. DonovanJanuary 26, 2024
  • Erin and Darren SchwartzDecember 31, 2023
  • Vinil & Nikita ShahJanuary 03, 2024

Gold ($2,500 +)

  • Alisa Gean, MDSeptember 28, 2023
  • Alisa Gean, MDSeptember 28, 2023
  • Alisa Gean, MDSeptember 28, 2023
  • Alisa Gean, MDSeptember 28, 2023
  • Alisa Gean, MDSeptember 28, 2023
  • Dr. Jayapalli R BapurajJanuary 17, 2024
  • Dr. Joshua P. NickersonOctober 24, 2023
  • Dr. Laurie A. LoevnerNovember 30, 2023
  • Dr. Yoshimi AnzaiMarch 29, 2024
  • Mary Beth Hepp, MBADecember 21, 2023
  • The Castillo-Alvarez Fund of Triangle Community FoundationOctober 03, 2023

Silver ($1,000 +)

  • A. John TsiourisMarch 27, 2024
  • Askowitz Woldenberg FoundationNovember 16, 2023
  • Christine M Glastonbury, MBBSMarch 28, 2024
  • David and Raechel HackneyAugust 30, 2023
  • Dr. A. James BarkovichDecember 28, 2023
  • Dr. Amy L. KotsenasFebruary 19, 2024
  • Dr. Ashok J. KumarMarch 25, 2024
  • Dr. Balasundaram Chandra-SekarDecember 13, 2023
  • Dr. Burton P. DrayerJanuary 03, 2024
  • Dr. Carlos ZamoraMarch 29, 2024
  • Dr. Chip TruwitMarch 06, 2024
  • Dr. Christopher P. HessDecember 18, 2023
  • Dr. Daniel LoesDecember 21, 2023
  • Dr. Haricharan P. ReddyJanuary 30, 2024
  • Dr. Hollie A. LaiMarch 21, 2024
  • Dr. James G. SmirniotopoulosNovember 28, 2023
  • Dr. John E. JordanMarch 27, 2024
  • Dr. Joshua A. HirschMarch 19, 2024
  • Dr. Joshua A. HirschMarch 19, 2024
  • Dr. Philip M. Meyers, MD, FACRMarch 21, 2024
  • Dr. Philip R. ChapmanDecember 26, 2023
  • Dr. Philip R. ChapmanFebruary 18, 2024
  • Dr. Philip R. ChapmanFebruary 18, 2024
  • Dr. Philip R. ChapmanFebruary 18, 2024
  • Dr. Philip R. ChapmanFebruary 18, 2024
  • Dr. Pina C. SanelliMarch 28, 2024
  • Dr. Steven W. HettsMarch 30, 2024
  • Dr. Thomas and Judith TomsickMarch 08, 2024
  • Dr. Thomas and Judith TomsickOctober 04, 2023
  • Dr. Varadareddy T. ReddyDecember 19, 2023
  • Dr. Walter L. OlsenOctober 18, 2023
  • Drs William P Dillon and Irene Balcar DillonApril 01, 2024
  • Nick and Jean BryanMarch 13, 2024
  • Rowley-Diamond Charitable FundDecember 20, 2023

Bronze ($ 500 +)

  • December 21, 2023
  • December 22, 2023
  • December 22, 2023
  • March 27, 2024
  • Dr. Achala S. VagalDecember 21, 2023
  • Dr. Alyssa T. WatanabeMarch 27, 2024
  • Dr. Carolyn and Ken MeltzerOctober 07, 2023
  • Dr. Carolyn and Ken MeltzerOctober 07, 2023
  • Dr. Christie M. Malayil LincolnMay 01, 2023
  • Dr. Diego San MillanDecember 19, 2023
  • Dr. Diego San MillanDecember 19, 2023
  • Dr. Gaurang V. ShahDecember 22, 2023
  • Dr. Gaurang V. ShahFebruary 09, 2024
  • Dr. James Milburn March 30, 2024
  • Dr. James Y. ChenDecember 25, 2023
  • Dr. Jennifer L. McCartyNovember 28, 2023
  • Dr. Jennifer L. McCartyNovember 28, 2023
  • Dr. John Herbert ReesMarch 21, 2024
  • Dr. John Herbert ReesOctober 24, 2023
  • Dr. Jose A. BauzaNovember 03, 2023
  • Dr. Jose A. BauzaNovember 03, 2023
  • Dr. K. Jim HsiehDecember 15, 2023
  • Dr. K. Jim HsiehDecember 15, 2023
  • Dr. Kambiz NaelDecember 22, 2023
  • Dr. Karen L. SalzmanMarch 24, 2024
  • Dr. Karen L. SalzmanMay 02, 2023
  • Dr. Kim O. LearnedMarch 18, 2024
  • Dr. Lawrence M. DavisDecember 29, 2023
  • Dr. Louis SmithDecember 18, 2023
  • Dr. Matthew T. WhiteheadJune 07, 2023
  • Dr. Matthew T. WhiteheadJune 07, 2023
  • Dr. Mykol LarvieJanuary 19, 2024
  • Dr. Mykol LarvieJanuary 19, 2024
  • Dr. Nancy J. FischbeinMarch 04, 2024
  • Dr. Nikdokht (Niky) FaridJanuary 09, 2024
  • Dr. Nikdokht (Niky) FaridSeptember 11, 2023
  • Dr. Patricia A. RhynerDecember 23, 2023
  • Dr. Patricia A. RhynerDecember 23, 2023
  • Dr. Pejman J. MaralaniOctober 24, 2023
  • Dr. Pejman J. MaralaniAugust 13, 2023
  • Dr. Reza ForghaniFebruary 20, 2024
  • Dr. Roland R. LeeDecember 28, 2023
  • Dr. Ronald L. WolfOctober 26, 2023
  • Dr. Stacy Kellan GoergenJanuary 09, 2024
  • Dr. Stacy Kellan GoergenApril 25, 2023
  • Dr. Stephen E. JonesAugust 15, 2023
  • Dr. Steven G. ImbesiNovember 19, 2023
  • Dr. Virginia B. HillApril 30, 2023
  • Dr. Virginia B. HillAugust 25, 2023
  • Drs. Vincent and Laura MathewsNovember 14, 2023
  • James Y. Chen, MDMay 02, 2023
  • Jeffrey G. Jarvik, MD, MPH and Gail P. Jarvik, MD, PhDJanuary 17, 2024
  • Jerrold Boxerman, MD, PhD, FACRSeptember 06, 2023
  • Jody Tanabe, MDOctober 03, 2023
  • John L. Go, MD, FACRMarch 30, 2024
  • Kate L. ForhanOctober 17, 2023
  • Licia P. Luna, MD, PhDAugust 14, 2023
  • Mark E. Mullins, MD PhDNovember 11, 2023
  • Matthew Bobinski, MD, PhDJanuary 01, 2024
  • Matthew Bobinski, MD, PhDJanuary 01, 2024
  • Melissa M. Chen, MDMarch 27, 2024

Friend ($250 +)

  • Claudia F.E. Kirsch MD, PhD Candidate FACR, FASFNRJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. James W. MoseleyJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Amish DoshiJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Amy JulianoJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Amy JulianoJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Andrew J. KurmanJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Aseem SharmaJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Barry Jay MenickJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Bernadette Koch and Mr. Peter MoreyJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Blaise V. JonesJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Calvin H FlowersJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Calvin H FlowersJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Calvin H FlowersJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Christopher P. WoodJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Craig P RussoJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Daniel G. SchwartzbergJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Darren P. O'NeillJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. David R. PetterssonJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Deborah M. Ancona-SchultzJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Edmond A. KnoppJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. G. Lee PrideJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Hoang M. TrangJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Jason M. StoaneJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Jason Michael HustonJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Jean-Luc SarrazinJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Joel D SwartzJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Joel D SwartzJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Joel D SwartzJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Joel D SwartzJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. John F. HiehleJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Jonathan Daniel ClementeJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Jonathan Daniel ClementeJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Joseph and Elizabeth AlenghatJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Karsten AlfkeJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Karuna ShekdarJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Kristine M. MosierJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Kristine M. MosierJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Kristine M. MosierJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Kwasi O. ArmahJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Laurent Letourneau-GuillonJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Leena M. KetonenJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Marcel Menahem MayaJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Mark J. PflegerJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Mark J. PflegerJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Mary C. RussellJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Mary C. RussellJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Matthew J. BarkovichJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Michael H LevJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Murugusundaram VeeramaniJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Nancy PhamJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Rachael E. GordonJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Rachael E. GordonJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Rakesh D. ChaudhariJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Raymond Y. HuangJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Razvan F. BuciucJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Richard Alan OfsteinJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Richard H. BlairJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Robert BreitJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Robert C. McKinstryJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Robert L. ChitemanJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Robert L. DeLaPazJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Robert R. LukinJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Robert R. LukinJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Roy RiascosJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Ryan B PetersonJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Sammy ChuJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Stephen ChanJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Stephen M. YingJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Susie Y. HuangJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Taylor P. ChenJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Thu-Anh HoangJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Vikas AgarwalJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Vivek Srikar YedavalliJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Wallace W. PeckJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. William D. MillerJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Yvonne LuiJanuary 01, 1970
  • Michele H. Johnson, MD, FACR, FASERJanuary 01, 1970
  • Oscar F. Carbonell, MD, FACRJanuary 01, 1970
  • Paul M. Bunch, MDJanuary 01, 1970

Supporter (Up to $249)

  • January 01, 1970
  • January 01, 1970
  • January 01, 1970
  • January 01, 1970
  • January 01, 1970
  • January 01, 1970
  • January 01, 1970
  • January 01, 1970
  • Dr Nafisa Paruk January 01, 1970
  • Dr. Pablo Rodriguez-CoviliJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Aaron D. SkolnikJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Aaron D. SkolnikJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Aaron D. SkolnikJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Adina F AchiriloaieJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Adina F AchiriloaieJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Alfonso Cerrato CuadraJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Ali ShaibaniJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Andreas M. RauscheckerJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Andrew E WestJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Andrew H. ShaerJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Andrew H. ShaerJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Andrew J. KalninJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Andrew J. KalninJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Anthony W. KamJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Anthony W. KamJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Anthony W. KamJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Arshad A. KhanJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Arshad A. KhanJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Arthur D. CortezJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Arthur D. CortezJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Boyd C. AshdownJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Boyd C. AshdownJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Boyd C. AshdownJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Bradley S. StrimlingJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Bradley S. StrimlingJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Bruce H. BraffmanJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Bruce H. BraffmanJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Carolina V. GuimaraesJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Charles T. BonstelleJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Charles T. BonstelleJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Charles T. BonstelleJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. David Duc-Quy VuJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. David Duc-Quy VuJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. David E. Timaran MontenegroJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Dikoma C. ShunguJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Donald F. SchomerJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Donald F. SchomerJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Douglas C BrownJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Douglas C BrownJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Douglas C BrownJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Duc D. TranJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Duc D. TranJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Eric C. BourekasJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Eric C. BourekasJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Fabricio GoncalvesJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Feng FengJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Feng FengJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Feng FengJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Feng FengJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Gary E. TurnerJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Gary E. TurnerJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. George M. BenashviliJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. George M. BenashviliJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Guido GonzalezJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Guido GonzalezJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Gustavo L. IsuaniJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. H. Phillip HahnJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. H. Phillip HahnJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Heinrich LanfermannJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Jackson D. HamiltonJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Jackson D. HamiltonJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. James C. AndersonJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. James C. AndersonJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Javier F QuintanaJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Jerome A. BarakosJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Jerome A. BarakosJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Jerome A. BarakosJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Jerome A. BarakosJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Jerome A. BarakosJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Jerome A. BarakosJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Jerome A. BarakosJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Jerome A. BarakosJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. John F. AufderHeideJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. John L ShermanJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. John T. BurgerJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. John T. CurnesJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. John Timothy BurgerJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Jonathan A. MorganJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Jonathan A. MorganJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Jonathan J. YobbagyJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Joshua S. ShimonyJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Joshua S. ShimonyJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Justin K. BakerJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Justin K. BakerJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Justin Robert McCloskeyJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Lanita M. Dawson-JonesJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Laura Ortiz-TeranJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Leo GalvinJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Lorena SanchezJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Luis R. Ramos-DuranJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Mariathea V. DolarJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Mariathea V. DolarJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Mark E HealyJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Maurice FitzpatrickJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Maurice FitzpatrickJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Michael C. VeronesiJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Mitra B. BoodramJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Mitra B. BoodramJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Mohit AgarwalJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Mylien S. PhamJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Mylien S. PhamJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Nafisa ParukJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Natia AdamiaJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Noah D. SabinJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Osamu SakaiJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Osamu SakaiJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Otto RapalinoJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Otto RapalinoJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Peter G. HildenbrandJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Peter G. HildenbrandJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Rafael RojasJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Rafael RojasJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Richard H. WigginsJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Richard H. WigginsJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Richard H. WigginsJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Richard J. HicksJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Robert C. VoglerJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Robert Marvin FreedyJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Roger P. TartJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Roger P. TartJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Rohan S. SamantJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Sarah F. IfthikharuddinJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Sarah F. IfthikharuddinJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Sathish K. DundamadappaJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Sathish K. DundamadappaJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Shalini AmukotuwaJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Steven M. SchonfeldJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Steven M. SchonfeldJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Theodore C. Larson, IIIJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Walter S. BartynskiJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. William G. ArmingtonJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. William G. ArmingtonJanuary 01, 1970
  • Dr. Zoran RumboldtJanuary 01, 1970
  • Fabricio GoncalvesJanuary 01, 1970
  • Jeffrey R. Petrella MD FACRJanuary 01, 1970
  • The Giving BlockJanuary 01, 1970
  • The Giving BlockJanuary 01, 1970

Announcements

The Alzheimer’s Association and the Foundation of the ASNR Announce the Recipients of Imaging Grants

The Alzheimer’s Association and The Foundation of the American Society of Neuroradiology have announced the recipients of a new funding program for imaging-related research. The goal of The Alzheimer’s Association & The Foundation of the ASNR Funding Opportunity: Imaging Research in Alzheimer’s and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases is to support the development of new novel imaging tools, advance imaging-based research, and provide funding for novel and innovative imaging data analysis pertaining to Alzheimer’s and related dementia.

Awardees each received up to $200,000 for the one-year period of funding.

Foundation of the ASNR to Establish New Mental Health Research and Education Initiative

The Foundation of the ASNR has received a charitable gift totaling $4,000,000 to establish the Aldon Mark Berger Fund for Research and Education in Mental Health. The Foundation gratefully acknowledges the generosity of the estate of Elaine Berger in making this donation.

The Aldon Mark Berger Fund will be used by the Foundation to develop competitive research grants and provide education for imaging as it relates to mental health, which is an integral part in the diagnosis and treatment of several diseases and disorders.

Congratulations to the 2023 Outstanding Contributions in Research Award Recipient

The ASNR awards Gregory G. Zaharchuk, MD, PhD, with the 2023 Outstanding Contributions in Research Award. Dr. Zaharchuk is Professor with Tenure of Radiology at Stanford University and the Stanford School of Medicine.  He serves as Director of the Center for Advanced Functional Neuroimaging (CAFN) at Stanford, where he oversees high school students, undergraduates, graduate students, residents, fellows, and post-doctoral students whose research focuses on advanced medical imaging techniques and algorithms (including AI) with the goal of alleviating the burden of neurological disease, particularly for stroke and dementia.

Congratulations to 2023 Anne G. Osborn ASNR Outreach Professors

The ASNR International Collaborations Committee congratulates the 10 ASNR members who were selected as 2023 Anne G. Osborn ASNR Outreach Professors.